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2011養耕共生會議提要

Murray Hallam of Practical Aquaponics跟Murray Hallam(養耕大老)實作養耕共生

Murray Hallam
Dinner Keynote - Tales of Aussie Aquaponics. Backyard aquaponics has been exploding in Australia, and Murray has been in the middle of most of it. He will relate some of his favorite stories as an aquapon down under.
Sunday “Morning  with Murray” - Murray will hold an informal, question and answer session.  Take advantage of this incredible opportunity to get your questions answered by the master himself!
Murray Hallam is probably the most well known face in the world-wide aquaponics movement.  He discovered aquaponics in 2006, and immediately put his fiberglass and boat-building skills to work to build and sell aquaponics systems and equipment through Practical Aquaponics in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.   He is perhaps best know over here, however, for his outstanding aquaponics video series: Aquaponics Made Easy, Aquaponics Secrets, and the recently released DIY Aquaponics.
Click here to watch Murray in action
Click here to read a blog post about Murray and the Conference

Susanne Friend of Friendly Aquaponics跟Susanne聊養耕共生

Susanne Friend
Luncheon Keynote - What Aquaponics Can Do For Humanity – According to the FAO, an estimated 40% of the damage humans do to the environment is through our current methods of food-production. We face severe shortages and major depletion in many critical areas: arable land, water. energy, and fertilizers. Frightening food safety issues arise from agri-business corporate giants.  Aquaponics is the answer, bringing safe, healthy food production into the hands of everyone, everywhere. How do we decentralize, relocalize, and create the viral spread of self-sufficiency through our day-to-day work as aquapons? Let’s create the vision, together.
Susanne Friend is the founder, owner and director of Friendly Aquaponics, the first commerial aquaponic venture to achieve both food safety and organic certification.  Along with husband Tim, Susanne’s passion for aquaponics has transcended into crusading for the dismanteling of the industrialization of our food supply and facilitates this by helping others learn how to be self sustaining by sharing her aquaponic knowledge and experience.  Susanne is the mother of four beautiful children and holds degrees in Biology and Chemistry.
Click here to watch a video about Susanne and Friendly Aquaponics

Other Featured Speakers

Charlie Price of Aquaponics UK英國的養耕共生Charlie Price

Charlie PriceAquaponics and Integrated Approaches to Energy, Food & Waste - Charlie Price will inspire us with an insider view of just some of his amazing projects with Aquaponics UK and it’s partnership with Sterling University.  From winning the People’s Millions Award for his Moffit CAN “tasty waste” campaign to building the largest urban farm in Europe to designing a greenhouse system to feed the family of four from their wastes for The Future Family prime time documentary series, you will be astounded at how many ways sustainable aquaponics can be applied.
Charlie Price is the founder of Aquaponics UK, a social enterprise organization based at the Institute of Aquaculture in Stirling.  Aquaponics UK provides support for the development of ecological farming systems. Charlie became obsessed with fish at the age of 4 and went on to do a degree in freshwater biology, followed by a masters in Aquaculture and then 5 years of PhD research focusing on integrated fish-vegetable systems and the effects of pesticides.  However in 2007/2008 he became disillusioned with academia, and focused his time and energy on developing practical solutions and the idea for Aquaponics UK was born. During the last 3 years they have supported a diverse range of projects across the globe, some of which will be discussed further in his presentation.
Click here to watch a video of Charlie’s TEDx talk on Aquaponics – Getting More Out of Less

Sylvia Bernstein of  The Aquaponic Source養耕花園社團發起人Sylvia Bernstein

Sylvia BernsteinConference Opening – R&DIY (Research and Do-it-yourself)-  The concept of community and open source innovation has been fundamental to the advancement of aquaponics. This conference is really a celebration of that spirit.
Sylvia is the president of The Aquaponic Source and she runs the Aquaponic Gardening Community. She is also the author of “Aquaponic Gardening: A Step by Step Guide to Growing Fish and Vegetables Together” to be released at this conference! Before aquaponics, she was the VP of Marketing and Product Development at AeroGrow International, where she was one of the founding team members.

Gina Cavaliero of Green Acre Organics綠地有機Gina Cavaliero

Gina CavalieroModerator: Future of Aquaponics panel - The catalyst for this conference was a discussion that took place in January of this year on the Aquaponic Gardening Community and centered around a dissertation entitled The Future of Food and Farming.  In this panel discussion, Gina will look to industry leaders to help explore the role and potential of aquaponics in the future of food and farming.
Gina Cavaliero is one of the founders and part of the dynamic growing force behind Green Acre Organics, one of the first commercial aquaponic farms in Florida. At Green Acre, Gina manages farm operations, their Green Acre Organics For You! produce club and also their aquaponic training program. As the first mainlaind affiliate for Friendly Aquaponics, Gina co-teaches micro system to commercial aquaponics trainings.  Before becoming an aquaponic farmer, Gina was the owner and managing director of a multi-million dollar construction contracting firm. Now along with farming, she is a certified Natural Hoof Care Practitioner.  Gina received her Bachelor of Science from the University of Florida in Anthropology with a minor in Education.

Saturday Afternoon Workshop Speakers

James Godsil of Sweet Water Organics印度甘泉有機James Godsil


James GodsilIndia and Aquaponics Collaboration Possibilities – This discussion will identify opportunities to advance aquaponics in a nation with severe food security challenges and substantial resources that could enable its millions of small farmers and urban citizens to take advantage of the information and support the emerging world aquaponics community of practice has to offer.  Internet connectivity seen as first step, followed by vision of on-site world aquapon visits to launch demonstration projects in the cities of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and the beautiful regions along the Arabian Sea from Mubai to the southermost cities of the Indian peninsula.
James Godsil is the co-founder of Sweet Water Organics, Inc. and the Sweet Water Foundation, vice-president of SWO and president of SWF respectively.  His was a board member of Growing Power from 2005-2010. He was a  doctoral candidate Political Economics and a National Science Foundation and Fulbright Fellow. He is the  founder of the Milwaukee Renaissance On Line Magazine, the founder and President of the Community Roofing & Restoration since 1975 and the Milwaukee Entrepreneur of the Year 2010.  He was recently part of the State Department American Speakers Program for  India regarding Innovations in Urban Agriculture and Aquaponics.

Hans Geissler of Morning Star Fishermen德國晨星漁會Hans Geissler

Hans Christian Geissler Aquaponics on a Mission
Hans Christian Geissler was born in war torn Germany In 1941. His personal struggles with hunger set a coarse for his life. Hans served in the French foreign Legion in Africa before coming to America where he started several successful business. Hans designed and manufactured thousands of sailboats and competed in sailing regatta around the world. In 1993 Hans founded Morning Star Fishermen a humanitarian organization designed to train others how to experience life with a sustainable food supply.


Tim Mann of Friendly Aquaponics美國友誼養耕 Tim Mann

Tim MannHow to Set Up a Mini Fish Hatchery – Every aquapon that enjoys the protein source, the fish,  from their system must deal with the inevitable dilemna of how to replace what has been harvested.  Learn tips on how to have successful hatchings and insure that you can keep your stock going and growing!
Tim Mann is the technology side of the higly successful Friendly Aquaponics commercial operation.  With a background in both architecture and boat building, Tim who at 17, sailed away from home in a boat he made with his own hands and earnings, value engineered the current UVI system to transform it into what is now the efficient Friendly AP raft system.  Tim continues to do extensive research and development to further improve DWC technology and is also engaged in a Biogas project that will power part of the farms electical needs.  Along with Jiu Jitsu, Tim enjoys making swords and knives, jazz drumming, surfing, and sailing.

Aleece Landis (TCLynx) of AquaponicLynx德國養耕之美Aleece Landis

TCLynxHow to Plumb it all together. Hooking up or modifying your systems from simple to mixed, tips and tricks to keep everything flowing properly.
Aleece Landis, more commonly known as the hands on aquaponic expert TCLynx, has been enthralled with Aquaponics since 2007.  TC learned much of her aquaponic know how engaging in all kinds of forums and online communities and now is one of the “go-to” people on many sites.  Aside from helping all levels of aquaponic enthusiasts,TCLynx also  devotes her time to duckaponics, permaculture and her Helping Families Grow Food project for her company, Aquaponic Lynx, LLC.

Tom Knoll of P2E Services, LLC德國致力之路養耕Tom Knoll

Tom KnollSocial Enterprise and Commercial Aquaponics - An overview of the social enterprise landscape with particular emphasis on the commercial aquaponics industry.
A social development expert with over 15 years of experience working with impoverished and marginalized communities throughout the world, Tom has been the director of several youth programs in the United States. He has also directed Buddhist meditation programs in New York City, Thailand, Milwaukee, and in the San Francisco Jail System and Probate Office. As Founder/Director [2008-2010] of Pathways To Empowerment, a major part of his work was the development and oversight of international projects for 2008 MacArthur Genius Award recipient, Will Allen. From 2010 to 2011, as the Head of Replication Planning at Sweet Water Organics, Tom oversaw all business planning and strategic plan. Currently, Tom is the Founder/Principal Consultant of P2E Services, LLC, providing strategic, operational and financial consultancy services to organizations that are attempting to create commercially viable social/environmental initiatives, helping our clients to operationally plan for and deliver enhanced social/environmental impact while ensuring productive efficiency, maximization and profitability.

Ann Forsthofel Former Director of the Portland, Oregon Farmers Market奧瑞岡前創辦人Ann Forsthofel

Ann ForsthoefelFarmers Markets From an Insiders View Tips for optimizing your sales at a farmers market. How to best display, pricing concepts, and promotion.
Ann Forsthoefel’s varied work experience has given her deep roots in her life’s passion – the development of local, sustainable food systems. In 1998 Ann was Executive Director of Naropa University’s Hedgerow Sustainable Education Center in Boulder, CO where she developed educational, business and community outreach at the 20-acre offsite campus. From there, she joined, Colorado-based AeroGrow International, a start up that developed the AeroGarden.  Relocating to Portland, Oregon she served as the Executive Director of Portland Farmers Market under her leadership it was recognized as one of the best markets in the world. She currently creating her first aquaponics commercial business and transforming the town into one of the most resilient food cultures in the nation. Ann holds a MA in Sustainable Leadership from Antioch University McGregor in Yellow Springs, Ohio. She also is a certified Permaculturist and has received a Certificate for Coaching for Authentic Leadership from Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado.

Rob Torcellini of Bigelow Brook Farms遠見獨行農場Rob Torcellini

Rob Torcellini
Greenhouses and Automation (or “How to Pimp-out Your Greenhouse and Make it Totally Wicked”) - Rob will discuss the up’s and down’s of growing within the confines of a greenhouse and measures taken to maximize plant yields.  He will also cover some automation and monitoring solutions to help minimize the labor needed for greenhouse growing.
Rob Torcellini owns and operates Bigelow Brook Farm, LLC which is an active farm as well as a technology consulting and design company focusing on controls and automation in agricultural and light-industrial industries. Bigelow Brook Farm also produces expanded shale, a lightweight growing media that is used in the hydroponic and aquaponic markets. He is also the Director of Information Technology for Iwaki America, Inc. which manufactures industrial-grade metering & magnetic drive pumps and commercial controllers.
Click here to see a video of Rob’s greenhouse that has had almost 165,000 views!

Raychel Watkins of HappyPonics Farmu養耕天堂Raychel Watkins

Raychel WatkinsMy Life with the WWOOFers - Raychel will talk about what they are, what they do, what they have to put up with, what you have to put up with.  She will explain how they can be a great experience and a great asset if you are a commercial farm.
Raychel is a semi-retired Medical Laboratory Scientist in Hawaii who has been into aquaponics for about 3 years.  For ten months of  that time she has been helped on her 1.79 acres by WWOOFers (World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms, formerly known as: Willing Workers on Organic Farms).  She has a Masters in Biology from University of Nebraska at Omaha
Click here to see a video shot at Raychel’s incredible property

Molly Stanek of Imagine Aquaponics印象養耕Molly Stanek

Molly StanekInsect Control in Aquaponic Systems - Growing food in aquaponics systems requires going beyond the organic standards when it comes to insect control.  Learn how to prevent, identify and manage insect damage in your indoor or outdoor system. Vivid macro insect photography and video will show the lifecycle of the most commonly encountered pests as well as beneficial predatory bugs.  Prevention and treatment strategies will be outlined, including specific product recommendations and reviews.
With an educational background in biological sciences, education, and ceramic and fiber arts, Molly enjoys online and print research, macro insect photography and growing organic produce to share with her  pet house rabbits.  Formerly of Sweet Water Organics, she is currently developing sustainable and innovative food production solutions as partner in Imagine Aquaponics.養耕病蟲害防治

Jesse Hull of Imagine Aquaponics印象養耕Jesse Hull

Jesse HullLighting for Aquaponic Systems - This presentation will discuss the use of solar & artificial lighting by referencing past, current, & innovative methods.  A focus will be held on the efficient use of energy by detailing plant-specific requirements, proper selection & positioning of lighting components, and implementations such as automated movers, air/water cooling, and heat transfer systems.
Jesse Hull possesses nearly 20 years experience in integrating hydro-organics, bio-filtration, horticultural lighting, and energy recycling into healthy sustainable food production systems. As former Horticultural/ R&D Director of Sweet Water Organics and current partner of Imagine Aquaponics, Jesse is working to establish commercial facilities in strategic areas through a continued focus on urban farm and aquaponic design consultation.

Meg Stout of 365Aquaponics 365養耕Meg Stout

Meg Stout
Build an Aquaponics Greenhouse in an Afternoon PLUS New and Improved Bell Siphon Design! - Meg will demonstrate construction of an aquaponics system incorporating her innovations and a 8.5×11 greenhouse, showing how a family/school/organization can put together a locally-sourced, wheelchair-accessible system in an afternoon with minimal tools, time, and fuss.  She will also demonstrate her new design for a rock solid, whisper quiet bell siphon.  You won’t want to miss this!
An auction will be held during dinner for the resulting system….proceeds will go to the Aquaponics Association. (click here to read more)
Meg Stout is a Navy physicist specializing in hydrodynamics and acoustics. Meg has used that background to develop a version of the bell siphon that is exceptionally quiet and robust. She blogs about aquaponics at 3x5aquaponics.blogspot.com.在家裡/學校/公司裡如何作養耕

Laura Kleiss and Joe Rocco of Disney, Inc.迪士尼Laura Kleiss及Joe Rocco

Laura KleissA review of Living with the Land Aquaponic System – We will be giving a in depth review of the Aquaponic system installed in the boat ride, Living with the Land,  greenhouses at Epcot, Walt Disney World.  This will include information on crop selection, yield, filtration, and water quality.
Based at The Land pavilion in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida, Laura Kleiss is a horticulturist specializing in greenhouse operations.  Laura’s passion and skill have led her to discover, build, and improve upon a number of hydroponic growing techniques and systems, including the aquaponics system which she will address as part of her presentation.  Laura also manages the professional internship program for the Agricultural Sciences department alongside communicating key agricultural messages daily to guests from around the world. Joe Rocco is an aquarist from Disney who also manages the system.迪士尼環球影城的養耕共生經驗分享

Franz Schreier of EBF GmbH, Germany德國食能整合Franz Schreier

Franz SchreierThe Aquaponic Solar Greenhouse – The Next Generation of an Integrated Food and Energy Systems (IFES) - Franz will start with the “what” and “why” of Integrated Food and Energy Systems, then move on to discuss the important role of aquaponics in these systems.  He will reveal a revolutionary new greenhouse design construct, talk about a greenhouse film with exceptional properties and new concepts in photovoltaics for greenhouses. He will also discuss fluorescent pigmented films and sulphur plasma lighting. You won’t want to miss this incredible peak into the future of aquaponic growing!
Franz Schreier is a Physicist in Germany with long-term experience in Energy Management for business entities and communities. He sold his well going consulting business a year ago and is now within the methamorphose from a physicist to an Aquaponic Gardener.  He is developing Integrated Food and Energy Systems with the aim to support the paradigm change in the world’s future Food and Energy supply. He is showing his Solar Aquaponic Greenhouse at the conference the first time to the public and would appreciate to exchange experiences, knowledge and business ideas with the Aquaponic Gardening Community.太陽能溫室的解決方案

Myles Harston of AquaRanch養耕牧場Myles Harston

Myles HarstonTips for Profitable Commercial Aquaponic Growing – Myles will be sharing what he has learned from his 26 years in commercial aquaponics and aquaculture.  He will be especially focused on his experience in how to make a commercial aquaponics venture successful and profitable.
Myles is the founder of AquaRanch, the first commercial aquaponics farm to grow tilapia from spawn to fillet and organic produce from seed to retail.  Myles has been involved in aquaculture since 1985 and aquaponics since before it was even called aquaponics.養耕商業化的實作經驗分享

Melissa Rasmussen養耕行者Melissa Rasumssen

Melissa RassmussenAquaponics and Transition -  Our world is in a shift between eras, from systems of scarcity, separation, and limitless growth, to abundance, relatedness, and sustenance in our living.  Aquaponics can be a key piece in this transition.  From backyards to prisons to living cities, aquaponics can help reweave our communities and refuel our lives.
Melissa Rasmussen is a globetrotting aquapon, spreading lessons learned in San Francisco, Costa Rica, Hawai’i, and Ghana everywhere she goes.  Her passion is aquaponics from a permaculture mindset, most specifically urban and deep rural design.  She’s fresh from the small village of Ekrawfo in Ghana, where she’s the social liason and farm designer for a massive project in permaculture, aquaponics, and agroforestry.  In this age of increasingly unreliable megafarming and fossil-fuel transportation, she believes fiercely in the power of local, fresh, organic food, grown everywhere, to ease people’s lives through the transition.從時代的演變討論養耕共生的調整

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燈籠果

燈籠果 燈籠果屬於醋栗科茶蔍屬多年生灌木。株叢高1.2 米左右,果子是一個套着燈籠型莢子的小圓果,比拇指大一點,里面有很多小籽。未成熟時味極酸,成熟後呈黄綠色,完全成熟後呈紫紅色,非常甜,可以用來烤果餅,做果醬。燈籠果花朵燈籠果原產祕魯和智利,但是並不是什麼重要得產品。當地人隨便吃一點,偶爾也在菜市場看到。但是被廣泛的引入各熱帶和亞熱帶地區,所有番茄可以存活的地方都可以種。果醬和罐頭是居民的常用品,也經常出口。中部非洲國家,如加蓬,也有小型果園。 一、燈籠果的生育週期 1、發芽期:從種子吸水萌動到真葉露心為發芽階段,由播種到種子萌芽長出土,達到80%以上,大約需要7~15天。 2、幼苗期:苗出齊後,有80%的植株達到三片真葉,即第一個花萼形成前約20~30天。此期主要是根、莖、葉的生長時期,在生產上要採取良好的措施,培育生長發育健壯的幼苗,為高產、優質、豐產打下良好的基礎。 3、開花期:從開第一朵花開始到最後開的一朵花所持續的天數,為開花日數。最早開的第一朵花達5%的植株為開花始期,以月、日表示,植株最後開的花,而漿果又能在霜前充分成熟的日期為終花期。 4、結果期:結果期分為始期和終期。結果始期,即有5%的植株落花後,坐住果的日期。結果終期,即是終花期的花坐住果的日期。   5、成熟期:漿果成熟期,可分為始熟期和終熟期。始熟期,即有5%的植株第一個果成熟的日期。終熟期即最後充分成熟漿果的日期。燈籠果是由下向上陸續開花結果成熟的。第一個花果實膨大生長,第2~4朵花相繼現蕾、開花和結果。 二、燈籠果對環境條件的要求:   1、溫度:燈籠果性喜溫,不耐霜凍。種子發芽以30℃左右發芽迅速;幼苗生長期20~25℃、夜間不低於17℃適宜生長;開花結果期白天以20~25℃、夜間不低於15℃為宜,否則易引起落花落果。氣溫10℃以下植株停止生長。0℃以下植株受凍。經調查看,幼苗耐低溫能力不成熟,所以露地生殖時期不能過早,而必須在晚霜過後方可栽植。   2、光照:燈籠果對光照要求比較敏感,需要充足的光照。在3000~4000米燭光範圍內,生長發育協調,果實品質優良。光照不足時,植株徒長而細弱,產量下降,漿果著色差,品味不佳。因此,在生產上必須注意種植密度的合理性和打尖、抹芽、整枝的必要性。   3、水分:燈籠果需水較多,尤其在漿果開始成熟前期,枝葉和果實同時生長,需水較多,當漿果大量

蔬菜對溫度日照條件的要求

蔬菜對溫度日照條件的要求 全日照  8個小時日照 瓜類、茄果類、豆類、山藥、豆薯(地瓜)。番茄、黃瓜、茄子、辣椒等喜溫中、強光性 蔬菜夏秋季生產,玉米、青椒、西瓜、南瓜、西紅柿、茄子、芝麻、向日葵類。 其次是根莖類,如:馬鈴薯、甜菜、胡蘿蔔、白蘿蔔、甘藷、山藥等等。至少需半日照,才能生長,芋頭雖喜歡全日照,但比其他蔬菜耐蔭。  需要中等光照大白菜、甘藍、芥菜、蒜、洋蔥。  長日性蔬菜白菜、甘藍、芥菜、蘿蔔、胡蘿蔔、芹菜、菠菜、萵苣、蠶豆、豌豆、大蔥、洋蔥。 短日性蔬菜豇豆、扁豆、莧菜、空心菜。          中光性蔬菜黃瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒、菜豆 菜豆 菜豆喜溫暖,不耐高溫和霜凍。菜豆種子發芽的適溫為20-30℃;在40℃以上的高溫和10℃以下的低溫,種子不易發芽。幼苗生長適宜氣溫為18-25℃。花芽分化的適宜氣溫為20-25℃,過高或過低溫度易出現發育不完全的花蕾、落花。 菜豆對光照強度的要求較高。在適宜溫度條件下,光照充足則植株生長健壯,莖的節間短而分枝多,開花結莢比較多,而且有利於根部對磷肥的吸收。當光照強度減弱時,植株易徒長,莖的節間長,分枝少,葉質薄,而且開花結莢數少,易落花落莢。 菜豆根系強大,能耐一定程度乾旱,但喜中度濕潤土壤條件,要求水分供應適中,不耐澇。生長期適宜土壤濕度為田間最大持水量的60%-70%,空氣相對濕度以80%為宜。開花結莢期對水分最敏感,此期土壤乾旱對開花結莢有不良影響,開花數、結莢數及莢內種子數減少。土壤水分過大時,下部葉片黃化,早脫落。空氣濕度過大會引起徒長、結莢不良。 菜豆具有深根性和根瘤菌,對土壤的要求不甚嚴格,但仍以土層深厚肥沃、排水良好的輕砂壤土或粘質壤土為好。土壤過於粘重、低溫、排水和通氣不良則生長不良,炭疽病重。菜豆喜中性至微酸性土壤,適宜的土壤pH為5-7.0,其中以州6.2-6.8最適宜。菜豆最忌連作,生產中應實行2-3年輪作。 菜豆生育過程中,主要吸收鉀和氮較多,還要吸收一定量的磷和鈣,才能良好發育。結莢期吸收磷鉀量較大。磷鉀肥對菜豆植株的生長發育、根瘤菌的發育、花芽分化、開花結莢和種子的發育等均有影響。缺乏磷肥,菜豆嫩莢和種子的品質和產量就會降低。缺鈣,幼葉葉片捲曲,葉緣失綠和生長點死亡。缺硼,則根係不發達,影響根瘤菌固氮,使花和豆莢發育不良。

為何冰箱冷凍室非得是零下18度?

為何冰箱冷凍室非得是零下18度? 不少家庭的冰箱有led面板,可顯示冷藏室和冷凍室溫度。每次看到那個零下18℃,不少人,包括筆者在內就會禁不住提出一個小疑問:為什麼冷凍室溫度非得是零下18℃?最多零下1℃不就結冰了嗎?搞這麼低溫度實在是浪費電呢。 聰明如很多人是這樣推測的 百思不得其解,於是很多人,包括筆者在內就開始推測後面的機制了。冷凍室的零下18℃其實不費電,相反,它是節約電力的一個好措施。為何? 冰箱隔一段時間,內部溫度升高後,它就要啟動壓縮機,嗡嗡嗡的。頻繁啟動壓縮機不僅耗電,冰箱的壽命也會降低,還有就是很吵人。怎麼辦?簡單,先把冷凍室的溫度搞得低低的,比如零下18℃左右。 然後,冷凍室的冷氣往上走,來到冷藏室,如此,就能長時間保持冷藏室的溫度處於0到8℃以內了。 待冷凍室的冷氣散失過多,溫度升高到零下幾度時,再啟動冰箱的壓縮機把溫度再次降到零下18℃,如此,冰箱的啟動次數就變少了。 實際是這樣嗎?很遺憾,不是。 原因之一:不一樣的水 水到零度以下就結冰了,這是絕大多數人的認識。然而仔細一想,這不適用於冰箱的冷凍室。因為冷凍室存放的不是上百升礦泉水,而是各種各樣的食物。 食物中含有大量水這沒錯,但這些水同時含有大量的鹽、糖等物質。就像每1升海水中大約含有35克鹽,所以平均起來,要到零下1.33℃時海水才會結冰。 因此,要想把食物凍結,並不是溫度只要達到水的冰點就可以,得保證足夠低的溫度,食物中的水才能凍結,這很重要,因為食物中只要有液態水存在,這就等於是為各種細菌的繁殖提供了必備條件。 圖為牛肉薄片在不同溫度和不同時間內測得的牛肉中凍結水量的曲線。 當牛肉薄片的溫度為零下4℃時,只有70%的水分被凍結;溫度下降到零下9℃左右時,也還有3%的水分未凍結;即使牛肉薄片的溫度降低到零下18℃時,也不是100%的水分都被凍結住。 原因之二:嗜冷微生物 根據微生物對不同溫度的適應範圍,可將微生物分為三大類,嗜熱菌、嗜溫菌和嗜冷菌。在食物的冷藏和冷凍過程中,我們面對的「敵人」是嗜溫菌和嗜冷菌。 一般來說,能引起食物腐敗和食物致毒的嗜溫菌,在低於3 ℃情況下不產生毒素,當然,個別菌種例外。 而對於嗜冷菌,一般得在零下10 ℃到零下12 ℃時才會停止生長。 有的黴菌甚至要到零下15~零下18 ℃時才