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關於你吃的食物﹣9件事你不得不知道!

9 Things You Need to Know about the Food You Eat
關於你吃的食物﹣9件事你不得不知道!
By Dr. Mercola
譯者: Shine5530/台灣養耕共生協會
Seems like every week there is a new revelation of massive perversion in the food industry, resulting in more corporate profits and a greater risk to your health. From arsenic in fruit juice and chicken to "pink-slime" ground beef treated with ammonia, nasty tidbits about the foods you're putting in your body are now so commonplace as to be expected.
似乎每個禮拜都有新揭發存在龐大食品產業中的怪象,基於提高集團利益卻對您健康造成極大的威脅。 關於我們普遍接觸到和吃下肚的食物恐怖的真相 -從果汁裡加入的“砷”、雞肉加工後變成的“粉紅色軟泥“、牛絞肉浸氨(阿莫尼亞)。

But it does make you wonder what next … what else is there that you don't know about that dinner on your table?


而這確實讓我們不禁會想:接下來是什麼? 餐桌上的食物中,有什麼我們還不知道的嗎?

To help with that, the featured article offers a list of nine factoids you need to know about the food you eat. If you're squeamish, now would be a good time to cover your eyes – or, actually, to open them so you can learn how to find food that doesn't make you cringe.


為此,接下來文章列舉了關於我們所吃的食物9項我們需要知道的事實。如果你會過於害怕,現在就矇上你的眼睛,或者,把眼睛大大地打開學如何挑選不會讓你怯步的食物。

1. 牛奶中的成長賀爾蒙

在美國大約有3分之1的乳牛給予注射叫做“rBGH””RBGH”這種人造基因合成的成長賀爾蒙,或一種叫“BST”的合成牛隻成長賀爾蒙,像化學合成版的天然牛隻生長激素(牛的腦下垂體分泌出的賀賀爾),為增加牛乳產量而給乳牛慣性注射。

蒙山大公司研發出的化學合成版賀爾蒙是由大腸感菌中基因改造來的, 尤於對人體健康有危害 在加拿大、日本、澳洲、紐西蘭等27個歐盟國家被禁止使用 ,但在美國卻是銷售最多的泌奶動物用藥

。藥理上、免疫學上、激素上,RBGH牛奶中的養份和天然牛奶中的養份不同,最明顯的是IGF﹣1,這種活性賀爾蒙活動於我們腦下垂體腺,可強力刺激包括細胞成長和複製等新陳代謝和內分泌作用。

IGF﹣1標準的提高影響了乳癌及他種癌症發生。被注射rBGH的牛隻體內的IGH﹣1上昇至20佛(20-fold),它們都分泌在牛乳中!更別提這些受化學賀爾賀殘害的牛隻同時也受著乳腺炎和乳房炎之苦比例極高,其他病症和狀況,如沒有受孕卻不停地泌乳,或者牛蹄畸型和跛足的比例也極高。

我們所喝的牛奶極有可能是rBGH奶,吃rBGH起司或優格,只是沒有註明標示。慶幸由於越來越多消費者和乳牛農選擇不用rBGH,而你可以選擇標示註明“無添加r BGH”之等級的牛奶,或有機牛奶也是不含rBGH的。

1. Growth Hormone in Your Milk

About one-third of the dairy cows in the United States are injected with a synthetic, genetically engineered growth hormone called rBGH. RBGH, or recombinant bovine growth hormone, is a synthetic version of natural bovine somatotropin (BST), a hormone produced in cows' pituitary glands. Cows are injected with it to boost their milk production.

Monsanto developed the recombinant version from genetically engineered E. coli bacteria, and though it is banned in Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and in the 27 countries of the European Union because of its dangers to human health, it is the largest selling dairy animal drug in America.

RBGH milk differs from natural milk nutritionally, pharmacologically, immunologically, and hormonally, and one of the most glaring examples of this is its IGF-1 levels. IGF-1 is a potent hormone that acts on your pituitary gland to induce powerful metabolic and endocrine effects, including cell growth and replication.

Elevated IGF-1 levels are associated with breast and other cancers. When cows are injected with rBGH, their levels of IGF-1 increase up to 20-fold, and this IGF-1 is excreted in the milk.i Not to mention, the cows receiving this synthetic hormone suffer massively high rates of mastitis, a painful infection of their udders, along with high rates of other conditions like infertility, hoof disorders and lameness.
You very well may be drinking rBGH milk, or eating rBGH cheese or yogurt, as no labeling is required. The good news is, as increasing numbers of consumers and dairies choose to avoid rBGH, you can find labels that say "rBGH-free" or a similar variation. Organic milk is also rBGH-free.
我想幾乎全美的人知道事情背後的情況,都會選擇買別家的蛋吧!
這並不是個莫名獨自冒出來的事件,仍有許多動物在這樣的生產形式下被迫生產,不人道飼養的雞場(CAFOs)在汙穢、不人道的環境下產出的蛋持續在販售。這些蛋賣出後被貼上數種不同商標,運送至各個地點,從學術機構到餐廳都有,就純粹是把同樣的蛋放入沒有前科的蛋盒中繼續擺在架上賣,直到人們開始出現病症為止。
就怕為時已晚,這也是我極力強調不要選購CAFOs的蛋,最好食用從在地可信賴的農場出產蛋。

一般來說,蛋是健康食品之一,我個人喜好是生吃最佳,在理想環境下雞隻和蛋感染病菌的機率很低,但我們的食品管制法並無為此把關,農場的蛋仍是從同樣擁擠骯髒、高病源的環境下出產。

2. Factory Farmed Eggs Contaminated With Salmonella
2. 雞蛋場的蛋遭沙門式桿菌汙染
Over half a billion eggs were recalled in 2010 after authorities linked them to Salmonella poisoning across the United States. The massive egg recalls came from the Iowa farms Wright County Egg and Hillandale Farms, both of which use Quality Egg for supplies of young chickens and feeds. Both Quality Egg and Wright County Egg are owned by Austin Jack DeCoster, a businessman who has been cited for health and safety violations so many times he's known as a "habitual violator."
在2010年有超過半億的雞蛋被下令收回,因感染沙門氏桿菌毒害蔓延整個美國,龐大的雞蛋回收從the lowa 農場的“瑞郡蛋“和hillandale農場開始,二家農場都用“精選蛋”產的雞蛋供養幼雞和製做飼養,“精選蛋“和”瑞郡蛋“皆為奧斯汀.傑克.戴可斯特所有,此人是惡名昭彰的食品健康安全違規慣犯。
I think it's safe to say most Americans would choose to buy their eggs elsewhere -- if they knew what was really going on behind the scenes.
This was not an "isolated" incident by any stretch, as there are many other confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) that are still selling eggs raised in filthy, inhumane conditions. The eggs, which are sold under numerous brand names and shipped to various locations from institutions to restaurants, bear little evidence of their past once nestled into an innocent-looking egg carton and placed on your grocery store shelf. That is, until people start getting sick.



By then, of course, it is too late, which is why I so strongly urge you to avoid eggs that come from CAFOs, and instead get eggs from a local farmer you know and trust.



Ordinarily, eggs are one of the healthiest foods in the world, and in my opinion are at their very best if you eat them raw. Under ideal farming conditions, the risks of contamination are very remote, but the U.S. food system is not set up to support these ideals. Instead, most agribusiness "farms" produce eggs in such a way that makes contamination risks soar.

3. 工業化生產的肉品中有藥物殘留和重金蜀

根據一份2010年美國農會(USDA)向國家食品安全督察服務部(FSIS)提出的美國肉品之有害物殘留性的報告揭露了藥物殘留和重金蜀普遍存在肉品當中!

當肉畜被帶到屠宰場時體內仍有許多毒物殘留,如獸醫用藥、殺蟲劑、和重金屬殘留,這樣的情況比我們所想像的還要多。

舉例來說,一個從事乳品工業的農場主人判斷一隻病牛快要死翹翹了,他會盡快將病牛賣掉,就算牛隻體內仍有數種藥物殘留也無所謂,只要農場主人能多少回收一些利潤。在國人的消費鏈下,你想想這病牛肉最後是進到誰的肚子呢?可被稱為“廢牛奶”的牛奶是大量用藥的病牛隻生產的,拿來餵小肉牛喝,最後這些藥物還是被消費者吃下肚,消費者的人權完全沒有保障。

3. Drugs and Heavy Metals in Your Factory Farmed Meat

A report released by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 2010 called into question the national Food Safety and Inspection Service's (FSIS) ability to adequately monitor the safety of U.S. meat for potentially toxic residues, after revealing that drug residues and heavy metals are common in U.S. meat.ii



Residues of veterinary drugs, pesticides and heavy metals enter the food system when producers bring animals to slaughter that still have these toxins in their system. This occurs more often than you might think.



For instance, in the dairy industry if a farmer determines a sick cow is going to die, he will sell the animal as quickly as possible, even if it still has veterinary drugs in its system. This ensures he will get some return on his investment, at the expense of the Americans' health who end up eating the medicated meat. So-called "waste milk," which is produced by medicated dairy cows and banned for human consumption, is also fed to veal calves, which then pass the meds on to the consumers that eat them.

FSIS的職責是監控存在我們的食品中諸如此類的“殘留物”,但USDA的報告讓我們知道FSIS並沒有盡到他們的職責。如果你從生鮮超市買了一塊看起來聞起來都像一塊牛排的肉,想要真正知道你所要吃的東西含有什麼,只有送到檢驗所啦!最好是選擇像在地的小型農場這類較可靠的經營者生產的肉品。

The FSIS is supposed to monitor for such "residues" in your food, but the USDA report found their regulatory practices to be woefully inadequate. It may look like a steak and it may smell like a steak … but the only way to really know what you're eating -- if you got your meat at the supermarket that is -- is to send it out for lab testing! A far better option is to get your meat from a source you can trust, such as a small local farmer or rancher.

4.一般農產品和未過濾的水中所含的抗生素

所有的抗生素產品大約有8成是使用在農業上,除了預防動物生病,另外一個目地就是不健康地增加動物體重.持續性地給多牲畜低劑量的抗生素造成了疾病快速散播的風暴,最糟糕的是對抗生素產生抗藥性的疾病。自從2006,在歐洲,已禁止對動物使用抗生素來提高產量。

抗生素不只是存留在我們吃的肉品中,它也存在我們各種農產品, 抗生素緩慢地分解到冀肥等肥料中,然後滲入玉米、青菜、馬鈴薯和其他種種農產中。甚至充滿在美國的水道和飲水系統中。

難過的是,就算只食用有機生產的食物也未必能完全避免這個問題。由於生產有機農作物不使用化肥,通常用冀肥來做肥料,而來自工業化農場的動物冀肥中通常含有抗生素和有抗藥性的病毒,美國有機食品認證中並沒有排除這些潛在問題!
4. Antibiotics in Non-Organic Factory Farmed Food and Non-Filtered Water
About 80 percent of all the antibiotics produced are used in agriculture -- not only to fight infection, but to promote unhealthy (though profitable) weight gain. Feeding livestock continuous, low-dose antibiotics creates a perfect storm for widespread disease proliferation – and, worse yet, antibiotic-resistant disease. This link is so clear-cut that the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed has been banned in Europe since 2006!
Antibiotics are not only embedded in your meats, they have made their way into your produce as well, as slow-to-biodegrade antibiotics are transferred, via the manure used as fertilizer, into your corn, lettuce, potatoes, and other crops. Even U.S. waterways, and drinking water, are being impacted.
Sadly, even eating organically may not entirely alleviate this problem, since organic crops, which cannot be fertilized with synthetic fertilizers, are the ones most often fertilized with manure. As it stands, conventional, factory-farmed animal manure containing antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria is still allowed under the USDA organic label.

5.懶散的食品稽查員

2000年“危險分析評鑑控管條例”(HACCP)成立,食品稽查員,他們的職責是評定肉品安全性,但事實上他們只有確認各公司航號有遵守各公司自訂的標準。不幸地,HACCP被戲稱為“來杯咖啡和禱告”。

根劇Alternet:

“從前,中央肉品稽查員實際地檢查牲畜屍體的衛生,但現在,2000年開始實施的HACCP稽查員則是憑著“信任我們”的態度給予過關,認為各公司都有遵守各公司自訂的準則。

HACCP上路不久之後,8成的稽查員在問卷中表示HACCP限制他們強力執法的能力和讓大眾知道有關食品安全的權利。幾乎有2成說他們曾被教稄不要記錄違規事件,6成2說自從HACCP開始後對於肉品上存些徘泄物、嘔吐物和金蜀碎屑視而不見是每天或每週都會發生的事。

5. Lackadaisical Food Inspectors

Inspectors from the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), started in 2000, are supposed to be evaluating meat safety. But in reality they simply make sure that companies are following their self-imposed standards. No wonder HACCP has been dubbed "Have a Cup of Coffee and Pray."

According to AlterNet:

"Once upon a time, federal meat inspectors visually examined carcasses for wholesomeness. But under the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), implemented in 2000, inspectors now simply ratify that companies are following their own self-created systems--as in "Trust us."

Soon after HACCP, 80 percent of inspectors surveyed said that HACCP limited their ability to enforce the law and the public's right to know about food safety. Almost 20 percent said they'd been told to not document violations. And 62 percent of inspectors said they allowed contamination like feces, vomit, and metal shards in food on a daily or weekly basis since HACCP."

6.肥鵝肝﹣殘酷的美食?

Foie gras這字是由法語直譯過來的,意思是“肥大的肝“,是在許多人心目中的美食。吃肥鵝肝有其爭議性,因為對許多人來說這對動物太殘忍了,要得到肥大的鵝肝必需要用強飼法強迫餵食動物。像CAFOs農場的動物活在一個完全黑暗又狹小又髒的籠子裡,從一個月大開始就被監禁在這些黑暗的房間,每天多次強迫餵食直到他們體重超重,肝臟長到比正常大十倍。

肥鵝肝的生產在全球16個國家如英國是被禁止的,原因很簡單,就是考量太虐待動物,但太不幸的,這個動作開了其他食物品質標準低和較不關切動物福址之國家如中國的生產大門。

肥鵝肝在美洲的部份地區是禁賣的,但是美洲,如加拿大,肥鵝肝的生產者還是滿多的。

6. Foie Gras – A Cruel Delicacy?

Foie gras, translated literally from French means "fatty liver," and is considered a delicacy by many. But it's a highly controversial food, considered by many to be cruel to animals, because it involves a force-feeding process called "gavage." When produced o jm n CAFOs, the animals (typically ducks in the United States) live in complete darkness in cramped, filthy cages. The ducks are confined inside these dark sheds and force-fed several times a day from the time they're just a few months old, until they soon become grossly overweight with livers up to 10 times their normal size.

Foie gras production has been banned in 16 countries simply because it's considered to be too cruel to the animals, including the UK. Unfortunately, all this has done is open the door for mass production of it in countries like China, which has become somewhat notorious for lacking food quality standards and having little regard for animal welfare.

Foie gras has also been banned from being sold in certain areas in the U.S., even though the U.S., like Canada, is a large producer of foie gras.



7.工業形態生產肉品中的終極增長劑

Ractopamine(萊克多巴胺).aka paylean(培林). Optaflixx,在包括歐洲,台灣和中國等等160多個國家是被禁用的,進口肉品中被檢驗含有這些藥品的殘留現象,則肉品被退回,而在違禁國家中使用這些藥品則有罰錢或坐牢的約束。

不過,美國百分之45的豬隻、百分之30的飼料牛和未能確定多少百分比的火雞都是這些藥品的常用受害者,為了提高肉品蛋白質的合成性,甚至到要屠宰的那幾天都被施用。換句話說,用這些藥讓動物比較有肌肉,也就是畜牧業者最關心的重點。一再傷害負傷的動物,即使此類用藥是標示“人體不可使用“,且已知它提高牲畜的死亡和傷殘,我們在市場買到的肉品中至少還有20﹪瘦肉精等藥品等殘留。

其他的動物用藥有規定在屠宰前二個星期不能施用的清空期,確保這些有藥性的化合物沒有殘留在肉裡,為的是不要讓這些藥物被人們吃到,但對於瘦肉精卻沒有淨空期的規定,為了提高瘦肉精的功效,牲畜養殖業者反而特意在牲畜快要進屠宰場的幾天都仍在施用瘦肉精。





7. Extreme Growth Promoters in Factory Farmed Meat

Ractopamine, aka Paylean and Optaflexx, is banned in 160 countries, including Europe, Taiwan and China. If imported meat is found to contain traces of the drug, it is turned away, while fines and imprisonment result for its use in banned countries.

Yet, in the United States 45 percent of pigs, 30 percent of ration-fed cattle, and an unknown percentage of turkeys are pumped full of this drug in the days leading up to slaughter because it increases protein synthesis. In other words, it makes animals more muscular … and this increases food growers' bottom line.

Adding insult to injury, up to 20 percent of ractopamine remains in the meat you buy from the supermarket, even though the drug is marked "Not for use in humans," and is known to increase death and disability in livestock.

While other drugs require a clearance period of around two weeks to help ensure the compounds are flushed from the meat prior to slaughter (and therefore reduce residues leftover for human consumption), there is no clearance period for ractopamine. Food growers intentionally use the drug in the last days before slaughter in order to increase its effectiveness.

8.狂牛症

BSE也就是俗稱的狂牛症,是一種可傳染給別的物種,包括人類在內的牛隻神經性失調。狂牛症和庫賈氏病對人類有同等值的影響,造成失憶、情緒不安、突發暴躁、步伐不穩、自卑,劇烈加速增進痴呆和死亡,這些病症通常在病發一年之內。

在歐洲,每隻較年長的牛隻都要經過狂牛病的檢驗,日本每隻供人購買的屠宰牛也必需經過狂牛病的檢測,就這一個動作,連專家都認同能增加牛肉的價值。最近一次狂牛症的案例出現在2012年五月,但美國的標準仍每年只在三百五十萬頭屠宰牛中檢測四萬隻。

如同專輯文章中的細節:

"有人記得政府面對最初的三件狂牛症案例的誤報和愚笨的言行?現在這個風暴又回來了!對於第一次狂牛症病發,政府報告說的只有:『有疾病傳染可能性的產品』已被掩埋處理。但舊金山年代誌和洛山磯泰晤士報皆表明那些肉品其實已賣到加州各餐廳被消費者吃了。

對於第二頭狂牛症病牛的情形很不一樣,當局甚至好幾個月都沒發覺。政府最終的報告表示:賣出病牛的農場“相當地確定”他沒有保留任何病牛的後代,但卻沒有紀錄。想再更安心一點嗎?那家農場一個月內就又重新開始賣肉了。

8. Mad Cow Disease

Mad Cow Disease is the common term for Bovine Spongiform Encepholopathy (BSE), a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that can be transmitted to other species, including humans. The human equivalent of Mad Cow Disease, Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease, causes memory loss, emotional instability including inappropriate outbursts, an unsteady gait, progressing to marked weakness, severe rapidly progressive dementia and death, often within a year of the onset of symptoms.



In Europe, all older cattle are tested for Mad Cow Disease, and in Japan every cow slaughtered for human consumption is tested, a move that experts say would add just pennies to a pound of beef.iii The most recent case occurred in California in May 2012, but U.S. regulators are still only testing 40,000 of the 35 million cattle slaughtered annually.

As the featured article details:

"Does anyone remember the government's misinformation and ineptitude with the first three mad cows, now that the disease is baaaaacck? With the first cow, a government report said all "potentially-infectious product" had been "disposed of " in a landfill but the San Francisco Chronicle and Los Angeles Times said it went to California restaurants where it was eaten.

That's very different. With the second cow, authorities did not even realize it had mad cow disease for seven months! The government's final report says the farmer who sold the cow was "relatively sure" he had not kept any offspring but "there were essentially no records maintained." Want more reassurances? The ranch was cleared to resume selling meat within one month."

9. 你晚餐盤上的肉品可能是無性繁殖的動物

從2007年,美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)發表一份正式的推薦書允許無性繁殖動物的奶類和肉品可在一般商店架上販賣,且不需標示出來。最近期的推薦書也給無性繁殖動物可用在任何食品上亮綠燈放行。

"食品藥物管理局表示無性繁殖的牛豬羊和這些動物的後代是我們可以天天食用的安全食品。"

但研究結果則不然,AlterNet報告指出:食品藥物管理局(FDA)說無性繁殖的動物和牠們的後代跟一般食用動物沒有差別,且不需標明。但在2008年他們自己的報告卻提到無性繁殖的小牛有葡萄糖過高、生長激素指數過高、乳房過早發育、臍帶發膿瘡和白血球數量過高等等情形。FDA承認在一項研究中即使肉和奶也是有差別的。

不幸的,如果你吃的牛肉的來源不明,你很有可能吃的就是此種食品,如同許多農場承認無性繁殖的小牛已流入食物鏈中,且很有可能地已是您的盤中飧。就連農業部長 Tom Vilsack對於美國人是否已在食用未標明的無性繁殖動物這個問題也無法作出確切的回答。

“到今天我還無法給予你們的問題一個肯定或否定的答案”Tom Vilsack在2010年對此問題的回應。(農業部部長不該知道嗎?)“我不知道。但我所知的是我們的研究結果建議這些食品是安全的。

9. Cloned Animals May be on Your Dinner Plate

In 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a formal recommendation to allow milk and meat from cloned animals on grocery store shelves, without labels indicating them as such. Their most recent recommendation also gives the green light to cloned animals being used for food:iv



"FDA has concluded that meat and milk from cow, pig, and goat clones and the offspring of any animal clones are as safe as food we eat every day."

Research says otherwise, as AlterNet reported:

"The FDA says clones and their offspring are no different from other food animals and won't be labeled. (See: rBGH.) But in its own 2008 report it cites cloned calves with elevated glucose, elevated growth indicators, early mammary development, umbilical abscesses and high white blood cell counts. Even the meat and milk is different in one study, the FDA admits."

Unfortunately, if you eat beef from conventional sources, there's a possibility you've already eaten this type of food, as some ranchers admit cloned cattle have made it into the food chain and, quite possibly, your dinner table. Even Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack couldn't say for sure whether cloned meat was already on the market when asked whether Americans are eating unlabeled clones right now …

""I can't say today that I can answer your question in an affirmative or negative way," replied Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack to the question in 2010. (Why should the ag secretary know?) "I don't know. What I do know is that we know all the research, all of the review of this is suggested that this is safe," AlterNet reported."

尋找用天然方式生產的食物。如果你想對你的健康樂觀一點,核心關鍵就從您和您家人基本的食物選擇開始,較代表性是選購有責任感、高品質、可靠來源的食品。如此一來可幫助你實際地免除上述文章所提到的問題。

這就是為什麼我鼓勵大家支持您在地的小型農場,尤其是那些尊重天然法則且運用植物、動物、昆蟲、土壤和水源等天然繁殖環境來塑造混然天成、自食其力、無汙染且無基因改造生態系統的有機農場。

你不只可以親自臨近到農場探訪,也可以參與農貿市集和社區擁護的農產規劃及合作社的交流。

美國今年的夏天已快來臨,新鮮的農產品和天然法則下生長的蔬食是很豐富的。這裡有些很棒的資源可獲得合乎衛生的食品,不單是對您的有益,也對動物的福祉和環境有益。

Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)

Farmers' Markets -- A national listing of farmers' markets.

Local Harvest -- This Web site will help you find farmers' markets, family farms, and other sources of sustainably grown food in your area where you can buy produce, grass-fed meats, and many other goodies.

Eat Well Guide: Wholesome Food from Healthy Animals -- The Eat Well Guide is a free online directory of sustainably raised meat, poultry, dairy, and eggs from farms, stores, restaurants, inns, and hotels, and online outlets in the United States and Canada.

Community Involved in Sustaining Agriculture (CISA) -- CISA is dedicated to sustaining agriculture and promoting the products of small farms.

FoodRoutes -- The FoodRoutes "Find Good Food" map can help you connect with local farmers to find the freshest, tastiest food possible. On their interactive map, you can find a listing for local farmers, CSA's, and markets near you.

Finding Food Grown the Way Nature Intended

If you want to optimize your health, it is vital for you and your family to return to the basics of healthy food choices and typically this includes buying your food from responsible, high-quality, sustainable sources. This will help you avoid virtually all of the problems previously discussed in this article.

This is why I encourage you to support the small family farms in your area, particularly organic farms that respect the laws of nature and use the relationships between animals, plants, insects, soil, water and habitat to create synergistic, self-supporting, non-polluting, GMO-free ecosystems.

You can do this not only by visiting the farm directly, if you have one nearby, but also by taking part in farmer's markets and community-supported agriculture programs and food coops.

Now that summer is near here in the United States, fresh produce and other wonderful whole foods grown with the laws of nature in mind are available in abundance. Here are some great resources to obtain wholesome food that supports not only you but also animal welfare and the environment:

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燈籠果

燈籠果 燈籠果屬於醋栗科茶蔍屬多年生灌木。株叢高1.2 米左右,果子是一個套着燈籠型莢子的小圓果,比拇指大一點,里面有很多小籽。未成熟時味極酸,成熟後呈黄綠色,完全成熟後呈紫紅色,非常甜,可以用來烤果餅,做果醬。燈籠果花朵燈籠果原產祕魯和智利,但是並不是什麼重要得產品。當地人隨便吃一點,偶爾也在菜市場看到。但是被廣泛的引入各熱帶和亞熱帶地區,所有番茄可以存活的地方都可以種。果醬和罐頭是居民的常用品,也經常出口。中部非洲國家,如加蓬,也有小型果園。 一、燈籠果的生育週期 1、發芽期:從種子吸水萌動到真葉露心為發芽階段,由播種到種子萌芽長出土,達到80%以上,大約需要7~15天。 2、幼苗期:苗出齊後,有80%的植株達到三片真葉,即第一個花萼形成前約20~30天。此期主要是根、莖、葉的生長時期,在生產上要採取良好的措施,培育生長發育健壯的幼苗,為高產、優質、豐產打下良好的基礎。 3、開花期:從開第一朵花開始到最後開的一朵花所持續的天數,為開花日數。最早開的第一朵花達5%的植株為開花始期,以月、日表示,植株最後開的花,而漿果又能在霜前充分成熟的日期為終花期。 4、結果期:結果期分為始期和終期。結果始期,即有5%的植株落花後,坐住果的日期。結果終期,即是終花期的花坐住果的日期。   5、成熟期:漿果成熟期,可分為始熟期和終熟期。始熟期,即有5%的植株第一個果成熟的日期。終熟期即最後充分成熟漿果的日期。燈籠果是由下向上陸續開花結果成熟的。第一個花果實膨大生長,第2~4朵花相繼現蕾、開花和結果。 二、燈籠果對環境條件的要求:   1、溫度:燈籠果性喜溫,不耐霜凍。種子發芽以30℃左右發芽迅速;幼苗生長期20~25℃、夜間不低於17℃適宜生長;開花結果期白天以20~25℃、夜間不低於15℃為宜,否則易引起落花落果。氣溫10℃以下植株停止生長。0℃以下植株受凍。經調查看,幼苗耐低溫能力不成熟,所以露地生殖時期不能過早,而必須在晚霜過後方可栽植。   2、光照:燈籠果對光照要求比較敏感,需要充足的光照。在3000~4000米燭光範圍內,生長發育協調,果實品質優良。光照不足時,植株徒長而細弱,產量下降,漿果著色差,品味不佳。因此,在生產上必須注意種植密度的合理性和打尖、抹芽、整枝的必要性。   3、水分:燈籠果需水較多,尤其在漿果開始成熟前期,枝葉和果實同時生長,需水較多,當漿果大量

蔬菜對溫度日照條件的要求

蔬菜對溫度日照條件的要求 全日照  8個小時日照 瓜類、茄果類、豆類、山藥、豆薯(地瓜)。番茄、黃瓜、茄子、辣椒等喜溫中、強光性 蔬菜夏秋季生產,玉米、青椒、西瓜、南瓜、西紅柿、茄子、芝麻、向日葵類。 其次是根莖類,如:馬鈴薯、甜菜、胡蘿蔔、白蘿蔔、甘藷、山藥等等。至少需半日照,才能生長,芋頭雖喜歡全日照,但比其他蔬菜耐蔭。  需要中等光照大白菜、甘藍、芥菜、蒜、洋蔥。  長日性蔬菜白菜、甘藍、芥菜、蘿蔔、胡蘿蔔、芹菜、菠菜、萵苣、蠶豆、豌豆、大蔥、洋蔥。 短日性蔬菜豇豆、扁豆、莧菜、空心菜。          中光性蔬菜黃瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒、菜豆 菜豆 菜豆喜溫暖,不耐高溫和霜凍。菜豆種子發芽的適溫為20-30℃;在40℃以上的高溫和10℃以下的低溫,種子不易發芽。幼苗生長適宜氣溫為18-25℃。花芽分化的適宜氣溫為20-25℃,過高或過低溫度易出現發育不完全的花蕾、落花。 菜豆對光照強度的要求較高。在適宜溫度條件下,光照充足則植株生長健壯,莖的節間短而分枝多,開花結莢比較多,而且有利於根部對磷肥的吸收。當光照強度減弱時,植株易徒長,莖的節間長,分枝少,葉質薄,而且開花結莢數少,易落花落莢。 菜豆根系強大,能耐一定程度乾旱,但喜中度濕潤土壤條件,要求水分供應適中,不耐澇。生長期適宜土壤濕度為田間最大持水量的60%-70%,空氣相對濕度以80%為宜。開花結莢期對水分最敏感,此期土壤乾旱對開花結莢有不良影響,開花數、結莢數及莢內種子數減少。土壤水分過大時,下部葉片黃化,早脫落。空氣濕度過大會引起徒長、結莢不良。 菜豆具有深根性和根瘤菌,對土壤的要求不甚嚴格,但仍以土層深厚肥沃、排水良好的輕砂壤土或粘質壤土為好。土壤過於粘重、低溫、排水和通氣不良則生長不良,炭疽病重。菜豆喜中性至微酸性土壤,適宜的土壤pH為5-7.0,其中以州6.2-6.8最適宜。菜豆最忌連作,生產中應實行2-3年輪作。 菜豆生育過程中,主要吸收鉀和氮較多,還要吸收一定量的磷和鈣,才能良好發育。結莢期吸收磷鉀量較大。磷鉀肥對菜豆植株的生長發育、根瘤菌的發育、花芽分化、開花結莢和種子的發育等均有影響。缺乏磷肥,菜豆嫩莢和種子的品質和產量就會降低。缺鈣,幼葉葉片捲曲,葉緣失綠和生長點死亡。缺硼,則根係不發達,影響根瘤菌固氮,使花和豆莢發育不良。

為何冰箱冷凍室非得是零下18度?

為何冰箱冷凍室非得是零下18度? 不少家庭的冰箱有led面板,可顯示冷藏室和冷凍室溫度。每次看到那個零下18℃,不少人,包括筆者在內就會禁不住提出一個小疑問:為什麼冷凍室溫度非得是零下18℃?最多零下1℃不就結冰了嗎?搞這麼低溫度實在是浪費電呢。 聰明如很多人是這樣推測的 百思不得其解,於是很多人,包括筆者在內就開始推測後面的機制了。冷凍室的零下18℃其實不費電,相反,它是節約電力的一個好措施。為何? 冰箱隔一段時間,內部溫度升高後,它就要啟動壓縮機,嗡嗡嗡的。頻繁啟動壓縮機不僅耗電,冰箱的壽命也會降低,還有就是很吵人。怎麼辦?簡單,先把冷凍室的溫度搞得低低的,比如零下18℃左右。 然後,冷凍室的冷氣往上走,來到冷藏室,如此,就能長時間保持冷藏室的溫度處於0到8℃以內了。 待冷凍室的冷氣散失過多,溫度升高到零下幾度時,再啟動冰箱的壓縮機把溫度再次降到零下18℃,如此,冰箱的啟動次數就變少了。 實際是這樣嗎?很遺憾,不是。 原因之一:不一樣的水 水到零度以下就結冰了,這是絕大多數人的認識。然而仔細一想,這不適用於冰箱的冷凍室。因為冷凍室存放的不是上百升礦泉水,而是各種各樣的食物。 食物中含有大量水這沒錯,但這些水同時含有大量的鹽、糖等物質。就像每1升海水中大約含有35克鹽,所以平均起來,要到零下1.33℃時海水才會結冰。 因此,要想把食物凍結,並不是溫度只要達到水的冰點就可以,得保證足夠低的溫度,食物中的水才能凍結,這很重要,因為食物中只要有液態水存在,這就等於是為各種細菌的繁殖提供了必備條件。 圖為牛肉薄片在不同溫度和不同時間內測得的牛肉中凍結水量的曲線。 當牛肉薄片的溫度為零下4℃時,只有70%的水分被凍結;溫度下降到零下9℃左右時,也還有3%的水分未凍結;即使牛肉薄片的溫度降低到零下18℃時,也不是100%的水分都被凍結住。 原因之二:嗜冷微生物 根據微生物對不同溫度的適應範圍,可將微生物分為三大類,嗜熱菌、嗜溫菌和嗜冷菌。在食物的冷藏和冷凍過程中,我們面對的「敵人」是嗜溫菌和嗜冷菌。 一般來說,能引起食物腐敗和食物致毒的嗜溫菌,在低於3 ℃情況下不產生毒素,當然,個別菌種例外。 而對於嗜冷菌,一般得在零下10 ℃到零下12 ℃時才會停止生長。 有的黴菌甚至要到零下15~零下18 ℃時才